Date Rape and Acquaintance Rape Essays -- The Tragedy of Date Rape

Date rape is not a rare incident. Surveys indicate that in 84% of rape cases, the victim knows the attacker, and 57% of rapes occur on dates (Warshaw 11). However, what is even more surprising than these high statistics is that most incidents of date rape go unreported. Several theories exist that try to explain this phenomenon. For example, many women may refuse to believe that their â€Å"friend† raped them. In fact, they could eventually convince themselves that it never happened. Additionally, there is confusion following the attack in which memory and emotions become mixed up. When alcohol or drugs are involved, the women may have no memory of the attack whatsoever. Even if the victim does remember the attack, they could be left with a sense that they let themselves be taken advantage of. In cases such as this, the victim may blame them self instead of the attacker. The shame involved in either being battered by or hurting someone we care for makes it hard to tell anyone, even those closest to us. People in abusive relationships often work hard at making it seem as if nothing is wrong. They try to convince themselves and others that â€Å"it’s not really that bad,† or that â€Å"it doesn’t happen all the time.† (Hicks 18) Additionally, societal perceptions dictate that a woman should know how to set limits, and that they are responsible for their own actions. Many women, thinking back on their sexual experiences, will respond affirmatively when asked the question â€Å"Have you ever had sex with a man when you didn’t want to, because he used physical force against you?† but at the same time offer a firm â€Å"no† when asked â€Å"Have you ever been raped?† (Bender 10-11) While victims of date rape rarely report the crime, the psychological effects are just as bad as if a stranger raped them. Since fewer women seek counseling or treatment for date rape than for rape by a stranger, the effects can be even more severe. In recent years, public attention has been drawn to the prevalence of date rape through the media and researchers. However, many believe that date rape is still the most widely under-reported crime. (Warshaw 11-14)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Date rape has existed for as long as recorded history. In fact a date rape is described in the Old Testament (2 Sam. 13: 1-15) committed by Amnon, son of Kind David. Despite its long history, public awareness and attention has not been drawn ... ...sion. Educators choose to ignore the reality that acquaintance rape happens in junior highs, senior highs, and colleges across the country. Moreover, some school officials find it easier to punt the problem back to uninformed parents rather than risk calling attention to a possible negative situation in their own institutions. (Warshaw 169) Often, parents are reluctant to consider that their â€Å"perfect† child could commit date rape or could put themself in a position to be date raped. However, if these attitudes are changed and teachers and parents begin to educate young people about date rape, the prevalence of date rape will begin to drop drastically. Works Cited Bender, David Date Rape San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2008 Hicks, John Dating Violence Brookfield: Millbrook Press, 2007 Lindquist, Scott The Date Rape Prevention Book Naperville: Sourcebooks, 2012 Mufson, Susan Straight Talk About Date Rape New York: Facts On File, 2009 Parrot, Andrea Date Rape & Acquaintance Rape New York: Rosen Publishing Group, 2008 Thornhill, Randy. The History of Rape. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2012 Warshaw, Robin. I Never Called It Rape New York: Harper & Row, 1994 Date Rape and Acquaintance Rape Essays -- The Tragedy of Date Rape Date rape is not a rare incident. Surveys indicate that in 84% of rape cases, the victim knows the attacker, and 57% of rapes occur on dates (Warshaw 11). However, what is even more surprising than these high statistics is that most incidents of date rape go unreported. Several theories exist that try to explain this phenomenon. For example, many women may refuse to believe that their â€Å"friend† raped them. In fact, they could eventually convince themselves that it never happened. Additionally, there is confusion following the attack in which memory and emotions become mixed up. When alcohol or drugs are involved, the women may have no memory of the attack whatsoever. Even if the victim does remember the attack, they could be left with a sense that they let themselves be taken advantage of. In cases such as this, the victim may blame them self instead of the attacker. The shame involved in either being battered by or hurting someone we care for makes it hard to tell anyone, even those closest to us. People in abusive relationships often work hard at making it seem as if nothing is wrong. They try to convince themselves and others that â€Å"it’s not really that bad,† or that â€Å"it doesn’t happen all the time.† (Hicks 18) Additionally, societal perceptions dictate that a woman should know how to set limits, and that they are responsible for their own actions. Many women, thinking back on their sexual experiences, will respond affirmatively when asked the question â€Å"Have you ever had sex with a man when you didn’t want to, because he used physical force against you?† but at the same time offer a firm â€Å"no† when asked â€Å"Have you ever been raped?† (Bender 10-11) While victims of date rape rarely report the crime, the psychological effects are just as bad as if a stranger raped them. Since fewer women seek counseling or treatment for date rape than for rape by a stranger, the effects can be even more severe. In recent years, public attention has been drawn to the prevalence of date rape through the media and researchers. However, many believe that date rape is still the most widely under-reported crime. (Warshaw 11-14)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Date rape has existed for as long as recorded history. In fact a date rape is described in the Old Testament (2 Sam. 13: 1-15) committed by Amnon, son of Kind David. Despite its long history, public awareness and attention has not been drawn ... ...sion. Educators choose to ignore the reality that acquaintance rape happens in junior highs, senior highs, and colleges across the country. Moreover, some school officials find it easier to punt the problem back to uninformed parents rather than risk calling attention to a possible negative situation in their own institutions. (Warshaw 169) Often, parents are reluctant to consider that their â€Å"perfect† child could commit date rape or could put themself in a position to be date raped. However, if these attitudes are changed and teachers and parents begin to educate young people about date rape, the prevalence of date rape will begin to drop drastically. Works Cited Bender, David Date Rape San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2008 Hicks, John Dating Violence Brookfield: Millbrook Press, 2007 Lindquist, Scott The Date Rape Prevention Book Naperville: Sourcebooks, 2012 Mufson, Susan Straight Talk About Date Rape New York: Facts On File, 2009 Parrot, Andrea Date Rape & Acquaintance Rape New York: Rosen Publishing Group, 2008 Thornhill, Randy. The History of Rape. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2012 Warshaw, Robin. I Never Called It Rape New York: Harper & Row, 1994

My Counseling Theory Paper Essay

Running head:Finding Meaning Finding Meaning in Life Sandy Patty Made Up University Abstract What is to be said about life and circumstances? There are many different theories and perspectives about it, but my concern is when someone feels they have to be subject to their circumstance. Further in this paper I will discuss my personal counseling theory and how I believe that not one person has to be ruled by a certain circumstance and that they are not by any means validated by one person because they have the opportunity to discover meaning in their life for themselves and discover an array of opportunities in life. Finding Meaning in Life Introduction My story is not something new or one that has never been told before, but it is unique to me and bears significant value due to the way that it shaped and formed me into the person I am today and the reason for me pursuing a career in counseling. I come from a mixed, biracial, and very religious family. The women in my family all seem to have gone through significant and grave hardships and/or traumatic experiences. My grandmother was sold as a sex slave when she was 3 years old because her Mother was dirt poor and needed money to sustain her drug/alcohol addiction. At an early age my grandmother was forced into prostitution as a way of life and a means to sustain herself. She then later met my grandfather who was a minister in a local religious church and they married. My mother was born into a very religious environment, strict dress codes, no jewelry, makeup, pants, they were forcefully instructed that they were the lesser of men, and they were to always obey their husband regardless of the issue or circumstance. During my Mother’s adolescent years she was a victim of child molest and the perpetrator was an important figure in the church. When my Mother attempted to tell my grandmother what had happened, she was severely physically punished and accused of lying. Since then, she never once told a soul as it continued to occur. She had become a pin-cushion for a â€Å"religious leader† within the church. Later on in life, my Mother met my father who was a young youth pastor in town and they married. My father was also a very religious man and held strongly to his beliefs. My parents struggled financially and experienced many hardships due to church and family. I believe my parents were somewhat forced in marriage at such an early age due to their religious setting and they were not prepared at all for what faced them ahead. My mother had children by age 19 and her life changed dramatically. My one and only older sibling was born and he became the closest thing to a mentor that I had. I too, grew up in a very religious and strict home environment. We were taught that there was only one way to live and it was according to the Bible and the rules taught in Church, anything else was unacceptable and reprimanded. My father was always a very hard worker and was hardly home due to working so many jobs in order to provide for the family. When he was home, I remember him and my mother arguing constantly due to issues with his family interfering with their marriage and finances. From an early age, I remember my mother crying and coming to me to talk about what was bothering her or issues with my father. I would just listen and offer advice as best as an 8 yr. old could and I remember thinking to myself, â€Å"Is this normal, am I supposed to be doing this?It felt strange and hard to not be biased in a situation involving my family, but I learned at a very young age things a child should not know or experience. I definitely had to grow up quick and learned to figure things out on my own. My older brother pretty much raised me and was the only person I could confide in or talk to. My family was not very affectionate, but rather very cold and distant and always brought everything back to a religious setting. I have always been told I was very mature for my age and I attribute this to my childhood or lack thereof and being forced to play an adult role due to circumstance. I do not write this story for pity, but rather because I believe it played a significant role in me pursuing counseling as a career path. It feels so natural for me when I’m talking to people because it was something I can always remember doing. From such an early age, I have always been engaged with older people and hearing about issues from failed relationships to traumatic/crisis situations. I strongly believe that this is one of the reasons I am not a very judgmental person because I feel I have experienced so much that I know what it is like to go through many different situations and not so pleasant circumstances. Core Theoretical Principles My counseling theory is that even though human beings have the need for approval or longing of someone else to bring substantial meaning in their life, they are not by any means validated by any one person or situation because you focus on the present and future and make the most of your circumstance. I experienced that in my childhood every time I saw my mother and father arguing and later I would hear from her what exactly happened between them. I remember thinking to myself that why would someone stay in an abusive situation or at least not stand up for themselves. I concluded that she needed to be validated by the relationship and for her to leave the relationship or stand up for herself would mean to defy her husband, church, and God. The Existential theory really brought insight into my life because it helped me understand what I always knew and from what I had experienced at an early age. In essence Existentialism states that we are not victims of circumstance because, to a large extent, we are what we choose to be (Corey, 2009, pg. 133). It is about recognizing certain tragedies experienced in life, but also embracing and understanding the positive opportunities that lie ahead, and to also comprehend the fact that we are human and what it means to be just that. It is a difficult concept to grasp at first because society teaches us that it is about building relationships and finding someone to validate who you are as a person, but existentialism is about understanding and facing the fact that we are essentially alone and facing that anxiety. It is in this theory that we tend to discover just who we are as a person and are able to discover more about ourselves and make sense of our existence. According to Carl Rogers, his experience taught him that if one is able to get to the core of an individual, one finds a trustworthy, positive center. He believed that people are trustworthy, resourceful, capable of self-understanding and self-direction, able to make constructive changes, and able to live effective and productive lives. In this theory, I believe that despite circumstance, a person is able to â€Å"bounce back† and still be able to live a healthy and high functioning life. I would incorporate what Car Rogers expressed as the three main attributes needed to foster change, Congruence, Unconditional Positive Regard, and Accurate Empathic Understanding. For me, it has always been very important for me to deal with someone on a personal level, never forgetting that we are all humans and not above anyone else. I honestly believe that when you treat someone with respect regardless of age, gender, race, etc. then trust and respect is created and that is the number one element in any counseling relationship. Gestalt is another form of holistic psychology theory and one that I would strongly employ because I am a firm believer in perception and the meaning-making process. Gestalt therapy suggests that the objective is to enable the client to become more fully and creatively alive and to become free from the blocks and unfinished business that may diminish satisfaction, fulfillment, and growth, and to experiment with new ways of being (Corey, 2009, pg. 204). It looks at the bigger picture as a whole not just one part of the whole because I believe in order to truly understand someone you need to perhaps dissect pieces, but only in order to understand the whole. Anticipated Settings I currently am employed at a Child & Family Advocacy Center that helps victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, child abuse, and elder abuse. I have always been interested in the helping profession and because of my childhood and the many different experiences and circumstances I encountered, I have always known I wanted to work in this specific area in order to attempt to make a change and help people who fall victims of such a terrible circumstance. As a future counselor I would like to remain relatively in the same field of helping victims of a crime, which include sexual assault, child molest, and domestic violence. I have seen and experienced all of this personally whether with family or friends and I have a passion and urge to help make a difference. I believe that life is definitely not fair, people are played the cards they are dealt, but also that a person is not validated by their past circumstances or anyone and it is up to them to find meaning in their life and discover who they are and want to become. Techniques I believe that it is necessary to provide adequate education and training to all the community because there are many people who unaware of the laws that can protect them from crimes and they are also unaware of the many various options they have to change their situation. I would employ an ongoing community education program offering free training to local offices, schools, day cares, etc. , just to spread the word of the different community resources available to help the people. In working closely with and advocacy center, I would incorporate a domestic violence group that is not biased and one that actually helpful to people and does not enable them. Unfortunately, services in this area are limited to the same service providers and people are left with limited options. Too many times, clients have approached me with disappointment in therapist they have encountered and they are turned off by the idea of counseling because of several negative experiences. I am very passionate about this type of work specifically because of my past and I would like to genuinely be able to help people in these types of situations and therefore, would in the future, like to offer counseling services specifically to victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, and/or child abuse. I would not be biased, and because of my past I understand what it is like to live in that type of situation and I also understand leaving is not always the easiest decision a person can make because there are many factors to consider. People in these types of situations are very unique in the fact that they have learned to survive on their own and know what they need to do or to say the right thing in order to survive. This is not a situation where one counseling theory covers all clients, so I would tailor each to the specific person because I understand their situation is unique and requires a technique to match. Also, I believe that it is vital to establish a healthy relationship with the client in order for them to trust you and open up to you. I would incorporate many of the Rogerian techniques regarding the genuine relationship with the client, trusting environment. Victims of any of these types of crime have been through some of the most horrendous situations and they have learned to adapt to the perpetrators needs and threats. If a counselor walks into a session with an â€Å"all knowing† authoritative attitude it will discourage the victim from speaking the truth and the counselor will have lost, which may have been the only opportunity, to help the victim possible change their circumstance. I would enter into the counselor/client relationship giving respect and trust on my part and genuinely attempting to get to know the client and their unique situation. I would also involve the client every step of the way because it is this same client that returns to their situation at home and not me so I would always need to have their best interest and safety in mind. The clients would not just be another file on my desk, but rather a person who’s life can be altered by perhaps just one meeting in counseling so what better change to reach out and try and help someone. It is with this that I would definitely incorporate many of the existential techniques in helping clients find meaning in their life by exploring their different life situations. Limitations A very common limitation that I experience already in the line of work I do now is the fact that even though I am passionate about this field, the actuality of it is that I cannot change a person, they have to decide for themselves when that change is appropriate. Many times I have seen counselors burnout in this field because they feel they are not making any significant change due to many victims returning to the same abusive relationship or circumstance. So in theory, all of these techniques and theories are wonderful, but in reality they are dependent on the client. Summary Life is simple, it’s just not easy. People have to play the cards they are dealt. Life is not fair by any means and we could use this as an excuse to wallow in pity or use it to motivate us to overcome and conquer our situation. We are not validated by any one circumstance or person, we can choose to discover for ourselves who we are and who we wish to become. My personal counseling theory is just that, very personal because it was unknowingly developed over time due mostly through what I have experienced in life.

Person Centered Theory Essay

There are numerous theories that can be used together to make an efficient therapist and provide results for the clients. The person centered theory is designed to focus on humanism, human potential, conditions of worth, orgasmic valuing, the fully functioning person, and phenomenological perspective (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2010). There are three core values in the person centered theory, these are extremely important in the output of clinician-client relationships and facilitating change for positive results in the client. Looking at the therapy universally, these core values can be connected to several other types of strategies and theories to hold a positive outcome for the therapist and client. The value of these aspects across all treatment approaches adds significant changes in a client’s attitude and behavior along with positive thoughts of hope. Theory and therapeutic strategy all leads into client care and outcome. There has been an increasing need of therapists and therapeutic strategy to accommodate the client and their mental health disorders. The existential therapy model will be discussed throughout the paper to distinguish whether psychological dysfunction exists. However, the core values of person centered therapy, assessing the values among all treatment approaches, and figuring whether psychological dysfunction exists in the existential therapy all will be further examined. The three core values that are pertinent to the person centered theory are congruence, unconditional positive regard, and empathy. They all supply a large role in therapy with clients to break the layered negative aspects and pessimistic thoughts. These core values allow for a relationship to be built with the therapist and client upon feelings of safety, warmth, understanding, which permits the client to lower his guard of defense (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2010). Therapeutically, congruence is considered genuine, authentic, well integrated, and aware of one’s self and how others perceive them (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2010). Congruence is a person in which portrays and submits clear and coherent messages that are consistent with the inner and outer core of themselves (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2010). The second core value is unconditional positive regard, this creates the rapport with the client in a sense of caring about, respecting, liking and accepting the person how they are (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2010). This allows for the client to act in their own nature without feelings or thinking in certain ways. Providing conditions of kindness and positive regard is essential to helping clients look into their own sense of optimism and positive emotions (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2010). Lastly, empathy is the sensitivity of moment to moment thoughts and feelings, having tenderness, being non-judgmental, and temporarily living in someone else’s life (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2010). Empathy is the exploration of understanding someone’s thoughts and feelings; to empower the client and delicately open doors to their life through communication (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2010). Seligman and Reichenberg explain that these core values seemingly pronounce optimistic therapeutic results applying these values universally throughout various therapeutic approaches (2010). Applying these values universally across other therapeutic approaches defines that numerous therapy strategies are co-existent together and enhance change. The person centered theory is used frequently with other therapy strategies because it promotes a healthy therapeutic relationship and increases the client’s awareness and creates a sense of empowerment as well (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2010). The person centered theory is extremely useful and intervenes well, due to the support of profound communication with the client and that mirrors the therapists compassionate, caring, and interest surrounding the clients. Clients are more opted to lower their defensiveness and become trusting to form a healthy balanced bond and rapport with their therapist; to discover and find confident, optimistic, hopeful outcomes. Positive outcomes are a large aspect in providing client care for the sake of the client’s well-being, hopeful change, self-worth, and confidence level. The values of applying the core aspects of person centered theory greatly outweigh any limitation to treatment due to the well established results of clients whom have utilized the aspects with other strategies. With that, psychopathology is a constant expression of new therapeutic strategies and outcomes that benefit the client. Moreover, psychopathology is the appearance of the mental health field. Along the same lines, psychological dysfunction is apparent and can be defined under various categories of mental health. By utilizing xistential therapy, clients with psychological dysfunction may overcome their issues. Existential therapy has an approach towards philosophy of human development, which concentrates on meaningfulness, authenticity, freedom, and responsibility (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2010). This helps clients to maintain purpose and meaning in life. Existential therapy may significantly increase a clients functioning due to the therapeutic strategy of focusing on the importance of choice, meaning, actualization, and the alliance between the therapist and client (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2010). This type of therapy can empower a client to become positive, increase their well-being, and create thoughts of hope and optimism for a healthy balanced life. Existential therapy concentrates on holistic and growth promoting approach; it embodies the cultural context of a client’s experiences, acknowledges the importance of client’s thoughts, values flexibility, and creativity in thinking (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2010). Overall, clients with psychological dysfunction incorporating existential therapy can gain feelings of safety, comfort, happiness, security, and a vigorous life. Conclusion All in all, person centered theory can be incorporated into several therapy strategies and the core values create a healthy balanced relationship between the therapist and client to better the outcome for the client. Person centered theory concentrates on the therapist making the client feel comforted, understood, accepted, and respected (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2010). Assessing the values of person centered theory among all treatment approaches seemed to co-exist and inter-relate due to all therapeutic approaches being client focused. Mostly, the core values are primarily designed to assist the client with their struggles, actively listen, and provide skills to create and maintain a healthy balanced life. Existential therapy also creates a healthy balance to clients, which also generates similar characteristics of the person centered theory. Existential therapy produces meaningfulness, freedom, authenticity, and responsibility (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2010). This may construct empowerment and productivity to engage in positive outcomes for clients with psychological dysfunction. Existential therapy can aid a client with psychological dysfunction by allowing the feelings of purpose and meaning in their life. It teaches a client how to manage their thinking, values, and cultural context (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2010). The outcome for the client is a healthy adaptive change and promotes feelings of worth and confidence. It seems that â€Å"therapy† has an overall goal and focus; the client, although, each approach may have its own focal points there is still one common goal.

Personal development Plan Essay

A Personal Development Plan is a useful tool to ensure your skills are up to date. It also gives you the opportunity to identify areas which you find difficult to carry out and which need improving. Please take a moment and reflect on how your training and ‘on job’ experience have developed since joining the company. What training and development activities (including work experience) have you done? What did you learn? Training, development activities Learning outcomes Training for: –Peristeen bowel management Training for-diabetic /insulin management Training for-Tracestronomy /nebulizer Training for-Oxigen saturation/Suction machine Update training To use a several kind of equipments: -cough assistant -splints -oxigen sat. Monitor -suction machine -nebulizer -tilt table search to web for the following subjects: Abuse-Safeguarding Adults Diseases-Brain injury,Celebral Palsy,infections(MRSA,HiV,TBC,Hepatitis) Codes of Practice for SocialCareWorkers DataProtection Person-centered Care Murder of Michael Gilbert Service users rights Pa testimonials -It has need a longer experience with this ,itself the training not enough without experience,That is the best If the client able to instructions me what need to do ,and how. -big responsibility to take a deal and to manage a diabetic client †¦.not just about the insulin ,but about everything,because this disease does bad effects on every way of the client life/health(how cook and often to check ,daily more times their sugar limit) It was the most complicated knowledge for me ,because so much depend on the clients personally needs .And there are to carry out just some minutes my duty if the client is in emergency situation. -It was so useful to repeat my previous knowledge to fresh up what I have  learned before,first of all the handling and moving part of the the training what I have enjoyed†¦etc ,how I can to move somebody if I can not rolling them. -very helpful to keep a health/strong breathing ability ,this is an exercise to the breathing muscles of client -this keeps in correct position the client arms and legs -keep in focus the oxigen limit of client and this does and alarm if this is low,so then the Pa has time to act with this. -keeps clear the client’s airway. – This will helps to breathe deeply and cleans the airways -a good and safe and also a comfortable equipment to stand up and take balance,stimulaing the musc les. What part of your job are you really good at? What gives you greatest pleasure? I have been in more countries and I have worked there as a carer †¦with very different type of clients in different languages ,different lifestyle†¦so in this way I accept everyone easy way I’m flexible and I learn quickly in new situations. I can help in their life my clients to keep them independent as possible,because the little things can takes a lot day to day.I could make it easier to manage their lifestyle and to provide them confident feelings,because they can controll their life. Feedback: (to complete by assessor) What parts of your job do you find difficult? What parts of your job do you want to improve? If somebody is disabled then they have a hard situation in their life ,because their life more complicated like to others. So this situation can lead stressful and impatient personality ,†¦It is not always easy to tolerate.This has been more times when the client was angry,nervious,impatient ..etc or just They had a bad day†¦and a part of the clients has a propensity to deduce it on the Pa†¦. -try to be more accepting and patience -develop the English language and acquire more knowledge in my work Feedback: (to complete by assessor) Why did you decide to complete your Diploma? What goals have you set yourself which can be achieved by the completion of the Diploma? I have 7-8 years experience as a carer but I had no any education about it ,so this is the high time after several years of experience to take some qualification. And also in this way I can improve in my job and I can provide a higher quality care for my client ,and probably I can take more knowledge in wider part of care job. Furthermore Some clients are also to prefer to take a Pa ,Who has a diploma. Please complete at the end of your Qualification Have you achieved the goals you have set yourself by completing your Diploma? Has it improved your practice and how? What is your next goal?

Constitutionality of Stop and Frisk Essay

The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution guards against unreasonable searches and seizures. It also states that no warrants shall be issued without a probable cause. Modern jurisprudence has afforded police officers an incentive to respect the amendment. The Stop and Frisk law allows police officers to stop someone and do a quick search of their outer clothes for weapons if the officer has a reasonable suspicion that a crime has or is about to take place and the person stopped is armed or dangerous. The reasonable suspicion must be based with specific articulable facts and not on just an officer’s hunch. The Stop and Frisk law balances crime control, protects an individual’s right, and prevents unreasonable searches. The Fourth Amendment states, â€Å"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be seized (Lehman 471-476). This amendment can be broken into 2 distinct parts the reasonableness clause and the warrant clause. In the beginning, the U. S. Supreme Court adopted the conventional Fourth Amendment approach, which says the warrant and reasonableness clauses are firmly connected. The reasonableness clause protects the people’s right against unreasonable searches and seizures. The reasonable clause has to pass the reasonableness test, which consists of two elements that the government has to prove; balancing element and objective basis. The balancing element is the need to search and/or seize outweighs the invasion of liberty and privacy rights of the individuals. The objective basis is when there are enough facts to back up the search and/or seizure. The warrant clauses states that only warrants and probable cause are reasonable. It was not until the 1960’s when the Supreme Court shifted from the conventional approach to the reasonableness Fourth Amendment approach. It states that the 2 clauses are separate, and address separate problems. The warrant clause tells us what the Fourth Amendment requires only when law nforcement officers want to obtain warrants. Since a small percentage of searches and seizures are made with warrants and many searches and seizures don’t require probable cause either, the warrant clause isn’t very important. Today’s stop and frisk law grow out of the practical problems police officers face in preventing and investigating crime on the streets and other public places in our largest cities. In investigations, officers are usually dealing with people they don’t know or probably won’t ever see again. Usually these stranger’s suspicious behavior doesn’t add up to the probable cause needed to arrest them. An example would be that officers don’t have enough facts and circumstances viewed through their professional experience and training to arrest two men, who peer into a store window, look around to see if anyone’s watching them and pace up and down repeating the pattern for 10 minutes. What should the officers do at this point? Keep watching? Do nothing about the situation? Detain the men and pat the down for weapons? Take them to the police station? These issues were raised in the famous Terry v. Ohio, 392 U. S. 1 (1968) case. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U. S. 1 (1968), was a decision by the United States Supreme Court which ruled that the Fourth Amendment prohibition on unreasonable searches and seizures on unreasonable searches and seizures was not violated when a police officer stopped a suspect on the street and search him without probable cause. On October 31, 1963, a Cleveland police detective named Martin McFadden saw two men, John W.  Terry and Richard Chilton, standing on a street corner looking suspicious. One would walk by a certain store window, stare in, and walk back to the other to confer. This was repeated several times, and the detective believed that they were plotting to do a store robbery. The officer approached the men and addressed himself as a policeman, and asked their names. When the men appeared suspicious in their answers, Officer McFadden patted them down and discovered that both men were armed. He proceeded to remove their guns and arrested them for carrying concealed weapons. Terry was sentenced to three years in prison. Terry appealed the case, claiming that the guns found should be inadmissible as evidence since his Fourth Amendment rights were violated. The case was appealed to the Supreme Court, where it was it was ruled that his rights had not been violated. In an 8-to-1 decision, the Court held that the search undertaken by the officer was reasonable under the Fourth Amendment and that the weapons seized could be introduced into evidence against Terry. The Court found that the officer acted on more than a â€Å"hunch† and that â€Å"a reasonably prudent man would have been warranted in believing Terry was armed and thus presented a threat to the officer’s safety while he was investigating his suspicious behavior. † The Court found that the searches undertaken were limited in scope and designed to protect the officer’s safety incident to the investigation. In reference to the Fourth Amendment searches and seizures, officers need to prove fewer suspicions facts and circumstances to back up stops and frisks than they do arrests and full-blown searches. Stops and frisks represents the beginning of a chronological path through the criminal process from more frequent and more visible searches and seizures in public to more intrusive searches and seizures out of sight in police stations. Stop and frisks aren’t just fine points for constitutional lawyers and courts to debate. They also reflect broad public policies aimed at balancing the values of crime control and individual liberty and privacy. Since stop and frisks take place in public, the display of police power is there for everybody to see. Because of this visibility, stops and frisks probably shape public opinion of police power more than the greater invasions of arrest and searches that we never see. Deciding which is more important in a constitutional democracy – crime control by means of less intrusive public stops and frisks affecting more people or often invisible arrests and searches affecting fewer people – is both a constitutional and public policy question. The key facts are: 1) Officers are going to stop many people who haven’t done anything wrong; and they’ll frisk lots of people who aren’t armed. 2) Most of the same people want police protection and (at least in high-crime neighborhoods) need it more than people who live in safe neighborhoods. 3) Both lawbreakers and law abiders in high-street-crime neighborhoods from lasting opinions about the police from street encounters they’ve watched or experienced.

Pregnancy Smoking and the Unborn Child

This paper discusses the different effects of smoking to pregnant woman. The paper is divided into three parts. First part of the paper shows the statistical data available in the United States about smoking. Second part of the paper discusses the different experiments that had been done by experts to compare the babies that are not exposed to smoking. Lastly, the third part of the paper shows the other complications of exposure to smoking. A conclusion is also provided in the last part of the paperSmoking is considered as a habit that had contributed negative effects not only to pregnant women but also to people who are not pregnant. There are two ways of exposure to cigarette smoke. First is the exposure through first hand smoking, where a person inhales the smoke through smoking and the second hand smoking where a person inhales the smoke from the cigarette of another smoker. According to statistics from the Center for Disease Control and Development (CDC) (2006) from the Women an d Tobacco, cigarette had been the cause of death of 178,000.Further investigation shows that ninety percent of women who had lung cancers can be attributed to smoking. Women who smoke have an increased risk for diseases such as cancer, coronary heart disease and pulmonary diseases. Looking at the National Statistics from the Center for Disease Control and Development, there is an estimate of 18.1% of women with ages 18 and above is cigarette smokers. Statistics also show that there is an estimate of 18% pregnant women from the ages of 15 to 44 years.As stated above, smoking does not only involve the first hand smoker but also the second hand smoker. Looking at the statistics from the CDC (2006), second hand smoke exposure had declined. It was further explained that the levels of cotinine had fallen down by 70% for the years 1988 to 1991 and 2001-2002. However, even though there has been a decline on the exposure, 126 million non-smoking Americans both children and adult are exposed to this second hand exposure. Children according to the figures from CDC are more exposed than adults. To be exact, 60% of the children in the age bracket of 3 to 11 years old are exposed to second hand smoke.To understand fully the implications on the effect of smoking to the child, an investigation was done by the proponent of the study. There have been several studies that had been made in the past that can further explain the effect of smoking to children. Josephine Thomas had made an experiment regarding the exposure of children to smoking. Based on the report written by Thomas (2000), the effects that might be experienced by children who were exposed to smoke are infertility, coagulation problems, obstetric complications such as extra uterine pregnancy and placenta previa, and intrauterine growth retardation.Results on the study had also shown that unborn children who had been exposed to tobacco smoke could indicate a negative behavior for toddlers and smoking experimentation among adolescents. Mothers who had smoked during pregnancy had scored their children high on toddler negativity, although there are other factors that might influence the children to do so but being exposed to cigarettes had shown that the data proved that the children high on toddler negativity had been exposed. The experts had also experimented on the early experimentation of adolescents with regard to smoking. The results of the study are not clear enough to know. However, experts are speculating that nervous system damage could have happened because of maternal smoking. The damage can be expressed as inattention aggression, depression and anxiety.Another experiment that had been done to compare the effects of maternal smoking exposure is the possible genetic mutation chromosomes of the babies. Based on the results of the study, there are 12.1% smokers and 3.5% non-smokers who had shown a structural chromosomal abnormaities, 10.5% smokers and 8% non-smokers had shown chromosomal instability and 15.7% smokers and 10.1% non-smokers had shown chromosomal lesions. Among the three changed items, the chromosomal instability and chromosomal lesions pose a risk of cancer and blood malignancies to the child who had been exposed to smoke.Lannero et al. (2006) have another experiment that can be associated with the comparison of smokers and non-smokers. The experts had studied 4,089 infants and had observed the babies up to two months. Questionnaires was used by the proponents in order to determine the status of the infants.   Based on the results of the study, it has been proven that maternal smoking increase the risk of recurrent wheezing for babies up to two years of age. Unborn and newlyborn babies are prone to recurrent wheezing.This can also be diagnosed as asthma by the doctors. Lastly, Rebagliato et al (1995) had correlated the exposure of the babies to smoke and the weight of the baby born. The experiment was done in Spain. The duration of exposure to envir onmental tobacco smoke at home, work, vehicles and Public places had been collected through a questionnaire. Based on the results there is a very small difference in the weight of the child that had been exposed. Looking at the results closely, these small difference had been a basis that there is a growth retardation to the child exposed to maternal smoking.There are many more experiments that could have been done by the experts to prove their point about exposure to maternal smoking. Healthgoods had shown all the possible effects of maternal smoking. Smoking is said to limit the amount of nutrients and oxygen that would react the unborn child. According to the American Lung Association, maternal smoking brings about several negative effects to the baby.This include miscarriages, still births, very low birth weight and could also result to a sudden infant death syndrome. Other implications of having been exposed to maternal smoke is that the newly-born children suffers more from lu ng problems, learning deficiencies and behavioral problems. As stated above, behavioral problems are one of the implications of tobacco prenatal exposure. Ear infections are also possible. Breast Feeding mothers are also discouraged to smoke because the chemicals in the cigarettes could enter the breast milk of the mother such as nicotine and carbon monoxide and this can be passed on to the baby.The child and the mother are closely linked together because when women are pregnant, the child and the mother share the same body, inhales the same air and eats the same food. Having a child is very sensitive because whatever the mother does to herself affects the baby. If the mother is a cigarette addict, then she must try to curb her habits well to avoid putting that child that she is carrying at risk. There are many implications, and complications that the child can experience if he or she is exposed to smoking. As much as possible, it is really not advisable to smoke or be surrounded by smokers if a particular person is pregnant. Not smoking a cigarette helps the mother avoid the first hand smoke exposure. However in public places, mothers should take good care that they are not exposed to smokers. Second Hand smoke exposure also has an effect on the baby.The website Healthgoods.com had enumerated several tips to stop smoking to help mothers avoid risking their child’s life. It would be helpful for pregnant women who are addicted to cigarettes to read websites, pamphlets or ask advice from a doctor to help them stop their habits of smoking.REFERENCESCenters for Disease Control and Prevention   (November 2006). Women and Tobacco. Retrieved last January 20, 2008 from Department of Health and Human Services. Website: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/Factsheets/women_tobacco.htmMarch of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation (2007). Smoking and Pregnancy. Retrieved last January 20, 2008 from Health Goods. Website:Medical Studies/Trials (9 March 2005). Mater nal Smoking During Preganancy Associated with Chromosomal Abnormalities. Retrieved last January 22, 2008 from   News Medical.net. Website: http://www.news-medical.net/?id=8330Thomas, J. (2000) Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy Associated With Negative Toddler Behavior and Early Smoking Experimentation. Retrieved last November 22, 2008 from National Institute on Drug Abuse. Website: http://www.nida.nih.gov/NIDA_Notes/NNVol16N1/Maternal.htmlCenters for Disease Control and Prevention   (October 2006). Trends in Secondhand Smoke Exposure Among U.S. Nonsmokers: Progress and Gaps. Retrieved last January 20, 2008 from Department of Health and Human Services. Website: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/Factsheets/SecondhandTrends.htmRebagliato,M., Florey, C.D. and Bolumar, F. (1995) Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke in Nonsmoking Pregnant Women in Relation to Birthweight.   Retrieved last January 20, 2008 from   American Journal of Epidemiology Vol. 142 No. 5 pp. 531-5 37 . Website: http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/142/5/531

An HMO-Based Prospective Pilot Study of Energy Medicine for Chronic Research Paper

An HMO-Based Prospective Pilot Study of Energy Medicine for Chronic Headaches - Research Paper Example The title of the research is appropriate because it provides an understanding of the reported research study. The title includes the research design (HMO-Based Prospective Pilot Study), concept studies (Energy Medicine for Chronic Headaches), and research problem (Whole-Person Outcomes Point and need for New Instrumentation). The inclusion of these elements creates the interest to read the research (Burns and Grove, 2007). Quality of the AbstractThe abstract is also of good quality because it clearly distinguishes the major and most important elements of the research including purpose, design, sample (13 patients), intervention (energy healing treatment), primary results, and implications for clinical practice and future research.Problem of the StudyThe problem of the study is clearly indicated. Background of the problem is stated by suggesting that approximately 50 million people in America are enduring chronic pain, and approximately 45% of the total population seeks medical attent ion for pain in their lives. Only 40% of the patients with moderate f\to severe pain report relief. The significance of the problem is also provided – that the success of treatment for chronic pain is significant for clinic management.The purpose of the study is also provided clearly and concisely. The authors state that the purpose of the study is to determine the success of using energy healing treatment in clinic therapy for patients with chronic pain. In fact, the purpose states clearly where the study will be carried out - KPNW Pain Clinic.